How To Say Hello In Yaqui

Native American language of the Uto-Aztecan family unit

Yaqui
Yoem Noki
Pronunciation	[joʔem noki]
Native to	Mexico, U.S.
Region	Sonora, Arizona
Ethnicity	Yaqui people
Native speakers	xx,000 in Mexico (2020 census)[1] 640 in the USA (2015 census)
Language family unit	Uto-Aztecan Cahitan Yaqui
Language codes
ISO 639-3	yaq
Glottolog	yaqu1251
ELP	Yaqui
Yaqui is classified as Vulnerable past the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may run into question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Yaqui (or Hiaki), locally known every bit Yoeme or Yoem Noki, is a Native American linguistic communication of the Uto-Aztecan family. It is spoken by about xx,000 Yaqui people, in the Mexican state of Sonora and across the border in Arizona in the United states of america. It is partially intelligible with the Mayo linguistic communication, also spoken in Sonora, and together they are called Cahitan languages.

Phonology [edit]

The remarks below employ the orthography used past the Pascua Yaqui Tribe in the United States. There are besides several orthographic systems used in Mexico differing slightly, mainly in using Spanish values for several consonants and Spanish spelling rules: "rohikte" would be written "rojicte". In that location are minor differences in the sounds of Mexican and American dialects, the latter tending to exclude an intervocalic "r" and final "one thousand".

Vowels [edit]

Yaqui vowel sounds are similar to those of Spanish:

	Forepart	Central	Dorsum
Shut	i		u
Mid	east ~ ɛ		o
Open up		a

Vowels may be either short or long in duration. Often, long vowels are shortened when the give-and-take they are used in is used constructively: 'maaso' ('deer') is shortened to 'maso' in 'maso bwikam' ('deer songs'). Long vowels are written by doubling the vowel. Long vowels may modify tone, but that is not represented in the written linguistic communication. Yaqui has oftentimes been described as being a tonal or "pitch accent" language,^[2] but the modern forms of the linguistic communication practice non show whatsoever widespread and significant use of tonemes.

Consonants [edit]

		Bilabial	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless	p	t			k	ʔ
	voiced	b, bʷ
Affricate				t͡ʃ		k͡t
Fricative		β	s				h
Tap			ɾ
Nasal		m	n
Lateral			l
Approximant		due west			j

The post-obit consonantal sounds are present in Yaqui: b, ch, (d), (f), (g), h, yard, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, 5, w, y, and ane or two glottal stops (IPA /ʔ/), represented by an apostrophe. Except for the glottal stops, nigh of them are pronounced nearly the same as they are in English language, but "p", "t", and "1000" are non aspirated. In the IPA, they are respectively /b t͡ʃ (d) (f) (ɡ) h k l thou n p ɾ s t β w j/.

Many Yaqui-speakers pronounce b and five exactly the same, equally /β/. That appears to exist intrinsic to Yaqui, rather than from the influence of Spanish, which has a like characteristic. Additionally, there are two consonants written equally clusters: "bw" (IPA /bʷ/) and "kt" (IPA /k͡t/), "bw" being a rounded "b" ('bwikam') and "kt" a simultaneous joint of "grand" and "t" ('rohikte'). The "kt" audio is establish in many other Uto-Aztecan languages.^{[ which? ]} Pronunciation of the rounded "b" as "b"+"w" and the "kt" as "k"+"t" is acceptable only not-native.

Too, "d", "f", and "yard" are present but in English and Spanish loanwords and are substituted with the native sounds "t"/"r"/"l", "p", and "w"/"chiliad", respectively.

In Mexico, many speakers substitute "g" for syllable-initial "w". That is largely considering Spanish lacks a /w/ phoneme. The phone [west] is present in Spanish not every bit an independent consonantal phoneme merely as a variant of the vowel /u/ and the consonant /thou/ when it is before a /u/ or /o/. The utilize of "grand" in place of "due west" is considered by Yaqui speakers as an influence from Spanish and not standard Yaqui usage, even in United mexican states.

Glottal stops [edit]

There is at to the lowest degree one glottal stop, which is phonemic. At that place also appears to be a "fainter" glottal stop that is sometimes used between vowels but with apparently fiddling predictability. Whether information technology is phonemic or not is still unclear.

Audio symbolism [edit]

Audio symbolism is present in Yaqui.^{[ citation needed ]} For instance, a word with the phoneme /l/ in it may be pronounced ordinarily, to denote blessing from the speaker, or with /r/ replacing the /l/, to denote disapproval or disfavor on the part of the speaker. Either form is correct.

Devoicing [edit]

Devoicing occurs at the ends of phrases. That is especially notable with the phoneme /m/ and with vowels. Yaqui speech ofttimes sounds "breathy" to English-speakers.

Gestures [edit]

1 word, laute, has two contradictory meanings in translation into English language: "quickly" and "slowly". (Incidentally, English has similar words of contrasting meanings: mercurial, which can hateful either "unhesitating" or "scatter-brained", and quite which can mean "very" or "a little".)

Laute is ofttimes accompanied with a quick or slow open-handed movement to indicate the meaning, or it could exist translated as "at a unlike speed" and requires a paw gesture to bespeak the nature of the difference when that is needed for description.)

Grammer [edit]

Syntax [edit]

Yaqui word order is generally discipline–object–verb.

The object of a sentence is suffixed with "-ta".

ex:

Inepo hamutta vichu

I adult female {await at}

"I am looking at the woman."

Word order structures [edit]

Subject object^[three] [edit]

The following sentences display a variation of the language'southward construction and the forms allowed. In the post-obit example, we tin can see an S and an O. This structure of And then is allowable due to a common feature amongst languages— the verb/ copula to exist. 'He' is the subject in this example and since 'he' shows no variation in positioning in the sentence, at that place will non be farther explanation for it. The object in this example 'child' has the possessor 'him' preceding to show ownership, simply what is beingness possessed by 'him' is the child. Therefore, 'child' has a nominalizer for existence the object of the sentence and a possession mark on it for being possessed. Having the nominalizer on the 'kid' allows the subject 'he' to imply a state of being on the 'kid'. This structure Then uses the to exist verb/ copula, when information is being stated that x is y.

ex:

Yoém-ia-grand

Child-NZ-POS (OBJ)

ʹáapo ʹáʹa Yoém-ia-thou

{He (SUBJ)} Him {Child-NZ-POS (OBJ)}

He is his child.

Subject verb object^[3] [edit]

In the post-obit example, nosotros tin meet an instance of where the primary give-and-take order SOV, deviates to go SVO. Note the pronoun 'I' doesn't have whatever case mark active and is in pronoun form (meet Cases on Pronouns). Next, on the first or main verb 'able', there isn't whatever specification for the blazon of verb. When the main verb is followed by another verb, it seems the second verb becomes intransitivized. On the object of the sentence 'axe', there are multiple cases active: accusative instance (the direct object of the verb), a plural suffix, and an instrumental example (the means past how or with what something gets done) on the substantive.

ex:

Tépwa-1000-mea

Axe-ACC:PL-INST(OBJ)

née ʹáa Hi-máʹako Tépwa-m-mea

I(SUBJ) able INTR-chop Axe-ACC:PL-INST(OBJ)

I am able to chop with an axe.

Object subject verb^[three] [edit]

The post-obit is an additional case that shows variant in word order than previously seen— OSV. In this structure, a suffix called connective is used to show that ii constituents are being connected; simply, they office equally a conjunction. Although this is a simple function, it is worth mentioning in understanding the way Yaqui functions as a system. The subject comes later the object in the correct subject pronoun form. Post-obit is the verb 'remember', which may be a trigger to the word order. Peradventure this word order implies the topic should exist who/what is being remembered.

ex:

malá-be-u

female parent-CONN-to(OBJ)

ʹin malá-be-u ne wáate

My mother-CONN-to(OBJ) I(SUBJ) retrieve(5)

I retrieve my mother.

Case [edit]

Yaqui is a "substantive-heavy" adhesive linguistic communication.

For example, the get-go person singular pronoun "in" or "ne" (which varies past dialect), is more often used in the course "inepo", which tin can be translated "within me". The "-(eastward)po" ending is quite mutual and seems to denote much more than simple physical inclusion.

Cases are marked on the nouns with suffixes. The post-obit is a list of all the cases that are marked in the language.^[three]

Case	Function
Ablative	Motility abroad/ out of the noun it'due south attached to.
Absolutive	Core statement of the verb in the sentence; with intransitive verbs it acts as the discipline of the verb, in transitive verbs it acts as the object of the verb.
Dative	The noun of which something is given, used with ditransitive verbs as the indirect object of the verb.
Instrumental	Conveys the means of achievement of the action expressed by the verb.
Locative	Attaches to the substantive to indicate the location of the phrase.
Nominative	Used for the subjects in clauses, or when there is only one noun in the clause. It is marked on the field of study when in clauses with Absolutive case marking on the object.
Possessor (part of Genitive role)	Used to evidence possession on nouns.

Nouns [edit]

Plural nouns are formed by calculation the suffix "-im", or "-m" if the noun ends in a vowel. If the noun ends in a "t", it changes to "ch" when "-im" is added.

• Tekil - Job
• Tekilim - Jobs

If a plural substantive is the object of a sentence, the suffixation of "-t" or "-ta" is non used.

ex:

Inepo haamuchim vichu

I women {look at}

Verbs [edit]

Commonly, adding the suffix "-k" to a verb indicates by tense, though at that place are many exceptions. If a verb ends in a diphthong, "-kan" is added. If a verb ends in "-i", "-akan" is added. If a verb ends in "-o" or "-u", "-ekan" is added, and if a verb ends in "-a", "-ikan" is added. If a verb ends in "-g", "-an" is added.

Regularly, "-ne" indicates the future.

Tense and aspect^[three] [edit]

Yaqui possess a "prior state" or 'used to exist, at present deceased' suffix. It is -tu-káꞋu. This specific suffix attaches to a nominal substantive to bespeak a prior existence, but can likewise attach as a verb to reverberate the state of a homo substantive (non only animate). For example, (suffixed equally a verb) to the right.

The post-obit is a table on the various tense markers that human activity more as aspectual values and epistemic states.

Tense/ Aspect	Suffix	Meaning/Utilize
Hereafter tense mark	-nee	To convey some hereafter result of an action, probability or possibility
Future passive	-naa	Communicating a temporary futurity possibility relative to the time of being spoken.
Perfective aspect	-k; –ka as an allomorph with a specific set of words.	An activeness is happening at a indicate of time, NOT continuation or procession (unmarked form).
Imperfect particle	-ka	Emphasizing an action of duration and progressing, and when backgrounding another action in master clause.
Remote stative	-i; -ka + -i	Emphasizes a preceding action when accompanying another verb in a complex judgement. Can be paired with imperfective particle -ka.
Past continuative	-n; -ka + -n	General by continuative, used with –ka.
Inceptive aspect	-taite (SG); -hapte (PL)	To brainstorm doing something or embark doing something
Cessative attribute	-yaáte	Means 'to finish' or 'to stop' every bit a stand-lonely verb but combines as a Verb + Verb compound to point a completed action.

Adjectives [edit]

In Yaqui, adjectives very often act as verbs (in Afro-Asiatic linguistics, they would exist called stative verbs). For example, "vemela" or "new", would about often be used to mean "is new". Adjectives have tenses, the same every bit verbs.

Reduplication [edit]

Reduplication is nowadays in Yaqui. Reduplicating the starting time syllable of a verb indicates habitual activity:

• eta - shuts
• due east'eta - usually shuts

Principal reduplication is also used to pluralize adjectives.

Reduplicating the 2nd consonant of a verb is used to evidence that an activity is performed rarely.

Sample words and phrases [edit]

• o'ow - man
• hamut - woman
• tu'i hiapsek - kind (lit. "adept hearted")
• yantela - peace
• halla'i - friend
• maaso - deer
• aamu - to hunt
• totoi (plural. totoim) - chicken

• aman ne tevote em yevihnewi - "I extend my greetings"

Greetings often are very formal. The following formula of four phrases is often used even among close friends:

• Lios em chania - "Greetings!" (to one person, to more than than one: Lios em chaniavu) (lit. "God preserves you!", Lios [sometimes pronounced Lioh] is a very early on borrowing of the Castilian "Dios")
• Lios em chiokoe - (the reply to the above, lit. "God pardons you!")
• Empo allea - "May you rejoice!" (lit. "In you happy", 'allea' is said to be from the Castilian 'alegre', pregnant 'happy')
• Kettu'i - "How kind!"

Kinship terminology [edit]

Immediate family

	Male	Female
Mother	Malam	Ae
Begetter	Achai	Hapchi
Older Brother	Sai	Avachi
Younger Brother	Saila	Wai
Older Sister	Ako	Ako
Younger Sister	Wai	Wai

Extended family

	Father's	Female parent's
Grandmother	Namuli	Namuli
Grandfather	Hamuli	Hamuli
Mother	Haaka	Asu
Father	Havoi	Apa
Older Brother	Haavi	Kumui
Younger Blood brother	Samai	Taata
Older Sister	Ne'esa	Chi'ila
Younger Sis	Nana	Mamai

^[4]

Language revitalization and didactics [edit]

In 2009, the Pascua Yaqui Tribal Quango and the University of Arizona collaborated on a program in which tribal elders teach the Yaqui language to families.^[5] As of 2010, a revitalization project was underway at the university, "using 30 year former sound tapes recorded by tribal member Maria Leyva."^[half-dozen] As of 2012, "Any teaching materials, tools, lessons, audio lessons, etc.," on the website of the Pascua Yaqui Tribe were "restricted to 'Tribally enrolled Members' only."^[four]

References [edit]

1. ^ Lenguas indígenas y hablantes de 3 años y más, 2020 INEGI. Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020.
2. ^ Dedrick, Eugene; Casad, John (1999). Sonoran Yaqui Linguistic communication Structures. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
3. ^ ^{a b c d e} John M. Dedrick, Eugene H. Casad (1999). Sonora Yaqui Language Structures. Tucson, AZ: Academy of Arizona Press.
4. ^ ^{a b} "Language". Pascua Yaqui Tribe . Retrieved 2012-09-29 .
5. ^ Corey Schubert (2009-02-27). "Tribal council selects ASU project for use in schools - ICTMN.com". Indian Land Today Media Network . Retrieved 2012-09-29 .
6. ^ "Saving the Yaqui linguistic communication". KVOA.com. Tucson, Arizona. 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2012-09-29 .

Bibliography [edit]

• John M. Dedrick, Eugene H. Casad (1999). Sonora Yaqui Language Structures. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Printing. ISBN9780816519811 . Retrieved 2012-09-29 .
• Estrada Fernández, Zarina (2004). Diccionario yaqui-español y textos: Obra de preservación lingüística. Sonora, México: Universidad de Sonora/Plaza y Valdés Editores
• Johnson, Jean Bassett (1962, posthumous). El Idioma Yaqui. United mexican states DF: Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia.
• Shaul, David 50. (1999). Yoeme-English English-Yoeme Standard Dictionary. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-7818-0633-Ten
• Spicer, Edward H. "Inventory of the Edward H. and Rosamond B. Spicer Papers, 1911-2000 (majority 1937-1988); Series VIII: Yaqui Files, 1935-1995 (Bulk 1939-1988)". Arizona Athenaeum Online . Retrieved 2012-09-29 .

External links [edit]

• Yaqui Vocabulary List, from the World Loanword Database
• Yaqui Swadesh vocabulary list from Wiktionary
• Yaqui Indian Language (Yoeme)
• OLAC resources in and about the Yaqui linguistic communication
• Constitution of Mexico in Yaqui
• A PRELIMINARY SKETCH OF THE YAQUI LANGUAGE

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqui_language

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